![]() ![]() Although this invention led to the discovery of bacteria, the microscope was difficult for users, other than himself, to operate. Leeuwenhoeck invented a simplex microscope with a high magnification, featuring a sphere lens. Also, he achieved a biological breakthrough: the discovery of cells of living things. In this book, he presented how to make the compound microscope graphically and explained how to use this microscope. Hook created a compound microscope with a combination of an objective lens and an eyepiece lens, and published Micrographia. However, the performance was poor, making it difficult to call the instrument a scientific tool for magnifying images. Around 1590, they put lenses on the ends of a cylinder and observed tiny things using the two convex lenses. It is said that the origin of microscopes began with Z. Little difference can be found between this exhibit and microscopes today. This is an image of a microscope exhibited at the first London International Exposition of 1851. Telescope in the Yerkes Observatory Microscope However, since larger refracting telescopes required longer cylinders, the mainstream of large telescopes was shifted to reflecting telescopes in the 20th century. The 125 cm caliber refracting telescope shown in the above picture was the largest ever (although it was subsequently dismantled). This is the largest equatorial refracting telescope (that can track stars according to their diurnal motion) that is still in actual use. This refracting telescope today resides in the Yerkes Observatory. ![]() At the Chicago International Exposition of 1893, a 101.6 cm caliber refracting telescope created by A. At the first Paris International Exposition of 1855, a 74 cm caliber optical glass material was exhibited by Chance Brothers & Co. Subsequently, refracting telescopes began to grow to huge sizes, along with the invention of achromatic lenses free of chromatic aberration due to a combination of lenses with different refractive indexes, as well as the development of colorless, transparent optical glasses. Nasmyth, (who was renowned for inventing a steam hammer). An example of such a telescope was the Nasmyth reflecting telescope created in 1851 by J. Since the maximum diameter of a refracting telescope lens that could be made in those days was 10 cm, to further increase magnification, a reflecting telescope with a larger caliber needed to be created. Newton of England created the first reflecting telescope with a concave mirror as a replacement of an objective lens, successfully correcting the defect. Refracting telescopes had an optical defect of chromatic aberration, in which images were blurred with their fringes colored. They identified the shape of the rings of Saturn and discovered its satellite Titan using a 3.3 m long telescope with their new lens. In 1655, the Huygens brothers of the Netherlands developed a new lens grinding method. ![]() Unlike Galilei's method, Kepler's method provided inverted images, but it had an advantage in that the field of view was not narrowed even when the magnification was increased. Kepler invented a telescope with two convex lenses. Galilei also successfully produced such an instrument and made various discoveries, which is why the combination method of convex and concave lenses is called Galilei's method. The next summer, hearing the rumor of Lipperhey's invention, G. The instrument featured the combination of a crystal convex objective lens and a concave eyepiece lens. It is said that the first telescope was the refracting long-distance observation instrument created in 1608 by H. Visitors to the exposition were able to make actual astronomical observations, forming a long line of visitors from evening to the middle of the night. This was designed to guide light from any direction to the telescope. With its position fixed, the telescope used a Foucault siderostat, a mirror invented by J. Its focal length was 55 m, while the lens diameter was 125 cm. This is an image of the largest-ever refracting telescope exhibited in the pavilion named Palais de l'Optique at the fifth Paris International Exposition of 1900.
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